Critical Analysis: Death and Justice by Edward Kotch Essay

In his exposition concerning the death penalty entitled â€Å"Death and Justice†, which initially showed up in The New Republic on April 15, 1985, Edward I. Koch forcefully disproves the cases of people who are against the topic with seven firm and fulfilling focuses. A local of New York, brought into the world 1924, Koch was an American legal advisor, lawmaker, political pundit and an unscripted tv referee. He earned his law degree in 1948 from New York University and provided legal counsel in New York City for about two decades from that point. He was an individual from the U. S House of Representatives, serving from 1969 to 1977 and in the later year, he was then chosen as New York civic chairman, holding the post until 1990. With such a solid and wide assortment regarding profession, it is my conviction that his perspectives discussed in this article by method of his, intelligent, moral and discerning intrigue are very much idea out and unprejudiced. Fair or unprejudiced, maybe, because of the way that with the rejoinder style in which the contention was composed, the restricting cases would initially must be recognized and assessed before creating a protesting reaction. The bit of work as I would like to think accomplishes its motivation and is efficient by utilization of logos, poignancy and ethos, accordingly impacting an effective however to be sure dubious article. As referenced in my basic section, the exposition is painstakingly organized into seven durable focuses in which every, Koch distinguishes the cases of his adversaries followed by his answer contentions. This makes the piece a lot simpler to follow and decipher, consequently making his contentions very clear and compact. This additionally impacts the perusers to get a handle on a superior information on his position subsequently expanding the likelihood of peruser understanding. In this legitimate arrangement of thoughts, every contention is additionally defended by the utilization of analogies, if, then†¦ proclamations, measurements, stories and the utilization of tenable sources (specialists, researchers). Some all through the content occur as follows: in his first invalidation wherein he dismisses the explanation that capital punishment is savage and draws and similarity among malignant growth and murder. It is my view this was an amazingly powerful methodology utilized by Koch as analogies empower investment and builds comprehension of an new subject by contrasting it with something that is very recognizable; in his third invalidation where Koch disproves the assessment of the rival that a guiltless individual may be executed unintentionally. By method of measurements he demonstrated this was never the situation. He refered to an investigation of 7,000 executions in the USA from 1893 to 1971, and reasons that the records neglect to show that such cases happen. Insights at last represent themselves, requiring no further explanation henceforth why their utilization is amazingly compelling and for this situation, completely convincing. This was an incredible execution in the region of logos which completely dismissed the restricting case point of fact. Strikingly Koch doesn't end that specific contention there but instead proceeds by building up truth and growing such truth by models. He says â€Å"Human life merits exceptional security and perhaps the most ideal approaches to ensure that insurance is to guarantee that indicted killers don't execute again†. He at that point continues by giving a model, and for this situation, of an unexecuted recidivist killer named Lemuel Smith who was condemned to around six years life sentence. This was perfect! Why you may inquire? This equivalent killer at that point executed a lady prison guard. Extra life sentences for Smith, as per Koch are â€Å"meaningless†. It is my view that models emphasize and re-authorize an idea or thought, for this situation the prior gave measurement. This model gave additionally incited one’s sound reasoning and basic thinking consequently expanding the likelihood that perusers are slanted to concur with Koch and his situation; in his fourth invalidation where he disproved that death penalty degrades the estimation of human life. In his flawless utilization of if, then†¦ articulations, Koch says â€Å"if we bring down the punishment for assault, we bring down our view or respect for the victims’ enduring, embarrassment and individual honesty. In a similar example, by demanding the most noteworthy punishment for homicide, we at that point confirm the most noteworthy estimation of human life†, which impacts sensible thinking and basic reasoning, the two structures and crafts of talk used to convince mentally (logos). To finish up my first point, it is my view that the paper did in truth follow a sensible arrangement of thoughts by method of seven clear focuses. Each point was additionally supported by utilization of explanatory techniques to make the contention considerably more justifiable just as conceivable. It is sheltered to state that Koch’s exposition was especially ground-breaking where logos is concerned. All through the content, regardless of not in bounty, there is in reality some feeling of passionate intrigue (poignancy). Despite the fact that Koch’s essential tone all through the piece is forceful, he particularly figures out how to speak to our feelings in certain specific circumstances. For instance, again, take his fourth nullification where he invalidated that death penalty corrupts the estimation of human life. He utilizes assault, an exceptionally enthusiastic and unstable theme for any person inside our general public, and fundamentally goes on further to express that in the event that we bring down the punishment for assault, we bring down our view or respect for the victims’ enduring, embarrassment and individual uprightness. His utilization of implication with words, for example, â€Å"victims’ enduring, shocking experience, embarrassment and expanded danger† conjured an inclination compassion toward the person in question and the circumstance by the manner in which it engaged the heart and to one’s feeling. Assault is in truth an awful event for which compassion is typically given to the person in question. It is my conviction that Koch purposely took advantage of the lucky break to request the readers’ enthusiastic consideration by inspiring a feeling of pity or compassion in his endeavors for us to conceptualize and concur with his point. Generally excellent move! Given the foundation data gave in my underlying passage, it is suggested that Koch is a tenable source. This was a fundamental foundation of ethos. All through the content, his tone proposes authority just as believability. He was a legal advisor, a TV judge, a government official and a city hall leader. He was a balanced researcher with a different work history. It is of my supposition that he has managed a wide range of cases on a wide range of training. The territory of ethos is hence inferred. In spite of the fact that generally, the ethos is in truth fundamental by method of his experience data, all through the content you can in any case observer traces of his position. Take for instance, in his fourth invalidation; he derides his faultfinders, one specifically, Jimmy Breslin by calling his announcement with respect to the death penalty sophistic gibberish. Not exclusively is this parody however foundation of power by method of undermining another’s sentiment. This in certainty was successful as it shows that Koch has in actuality done his exploration in regards to what his faultfinders have said in this manner building up him as a trusted and fair source. Another model can be found in his 6th invalidation, where he makes reference to the good book, he builds up validity by acquainting us with the best masterminds of the nineteenth century †Kant, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Mill who all concurred that normal law appropriately approved the sovereign to take life so as to vindicate equity. As indicated by philpapers. organization, an online research reasoning motor it tends to be said they were all notable scholars who are viewed as focal figures of present day theory. â€Å"Name-dropping† is probably the most effortless approaches to convince a crowd of people as most of us individuals will in general follow the manner by which well known individuals going from VIPs to researchers, think. This at that point impacts the manner in which society thinks thus my conviction that the utilization of dependable sources in this occurrence was perfect. Inside a similar contention (the 6th nullification), I additionally saw that it was not one-sided or uncalled for as he incorporates that Jeremy Bentham, another extraordinary rationalist, was conflicted to the cases of the others. He doesn't forget about any data consequently making the contention reasonable and conceivable, which thusly builds up his validity and credibility. He at that point proceeds to build up extra believability by uncovering names of different researchers (Washington, Jefferson and Franklin) who supported the case. This was viable in convincing us as the perusers to comprehend and acknowledge his perspective. Passing and Justice† is an adequately composed exposition which prudently invalidates the cases of people contradicted to the death penalty. Each section inside the article is all around considered and sorted out adequately. With the utilization of logos, tenderness and subconscious types of ethos, Koch flawlessly accomplishes his motivation of convincing the perusers to conceptualize, comprehend and concur with his cases and assessments in regards to capital punishment. In spite of the fact that Koch derides the rival all through some applies of the content, the perusers are as yet ready to get a handle on his forceful and more likely than not genuine tone. It is my feeling that the contention introduced was fair-minded and unbiased, taking into the thought the rejoinder style in which it was composed. This bit of composing has not, and will not be constrained to the time in which it was composed as the contention introduced is dubious, and in proceeded with banter.

Stonehenge :: European Europe History

Stonehenge Stonehenge, one of the incomparable Seven Wonders of the World, however what do we truly think about it. What was its motivation, how was it fabricated and by whom. A wide range of answers come up when posing the inquiry What was the motivation behind Stonehenge, some state that it was a loathsome spot, which the Druids utilized for strict penance, however most others have a progressively positive thought. A sanctuary of the sun, a Pagan Cathedral, or a heavenly asylum amidst favored ground, or perhaps a clock or even a spot to Predict Eclipses. Nobody truly realizes what it was utilized for; this is because of an incredible number of realities encompassing these thoughts. Numerous thoughts come up when discussing why this extraordinary structure was worked alongside an equivalent sum on who manufactured it. The Druids is the most well-known reaction in light of the fact that the Druids possessed a large portion of the region where Stonehenge is manufactured. The Pagans are another b asic response to this well established inquiry as a result of the structure of Stonehenge how it looks like a Pagan Cathedral. Whoever assembled Stonehenge, they were an amazingly propelled society either deliberately or by complete accident. Many state that due to Stonehenge's accurate sun oriented and lunar arrangement. That is was the most widely recognized idea is that it was worked to foresee shrouds for loving. The accompanying article is going to express the realities and fantasies about the incomparable Stonehenge. Before the finish of this article, ideally a strong end will be seen as the most conceivable response for Stonehenges development. The moon, it has been a sight for all after some time. Back some time in the past little was none of the explanations behind a shrouds, it was believed to be a sing from the divine beings. In a general public which revered divine beings for all the secrets of the world, the obscuration more likely than not been extremely exceptional. The manufacturers of Stonehenge probably been wondered about seeing this blessed occasion, which happened like clockwork. No doubt the incomparable Stonehenge was worked to be a forecast gadget for the obscuration. Numerous individuals have considered Stonehenge and many have discovered that the stones are scientifically positioned to show when and overshadowing may happen. For this arrangement - that the Aubrey openings were utilized as a PC are these realities: the number 56 is the most modest number that quantifies the swing of the moon with a general exactness of superior to 3 days, and lunar cycles give the main technique for long-extend overshadow expectation identified with the periods of the year.

Our new offering for school districts empowers teachers by quickly and easily differentiating instruction for every student who takes MAP Growth

Our new offering for school districts empowers teachers by quickly and easily differentiating instruction for every student who takes MAP Growth by Sal Khan, founder and CEO of Khan AcademyTeachers know that meeting the individual needs of each student can accelerate learning. They’re heroic in their efforts to differentiate instruction in classrooms of 25 or more students at various learning levels. But it’s challenging for even the most dedicated teacher to meet the diverse needs of every student. Differentiation is time consuming and intensely manual.  That’s why I’m delighted school districts can now choose MAP Accelerator, a new tool that does the hard work of differentiation for teachers. MAP Accelerator uses MAP Growth scores to automatically generate a personalized, mastery-based learning plan for every student, while keeping the teacher as the instructional decision maker.We’ve partnered with NWEA, the creator of MAP Growth, to introduce this new resource. Khan Academy and NWEA are excited to empower teachers with a new way to deeply connect interim assessment to actionable classroom learning. Our goal with MAP Accelerator is to reach the children who need our help most.  With MAP Accelerator, we import MAP Growth RIT scores into Khan Academy to automatically place students at their learning edge: • Teachers review the learning plan that MAP Accelerator recommends for each student. Teachers can adjust suggested goals in the learning plan as they see fit or accept all goals with a single click.   • Students take ownership over their learning as they progress through their personalized plan using Khan Academy’s mastery learning system. We foster student agency because students can move ahead or change directions.   •   Districts get an easy-to-implement solution with classroom, school, and district-level reporting; professional learning for teachers; and priority technical support.We recommend 30 or more minutes per week of student learning on MAP Accelerator. As students advance, teachers can use real-time data to make decisions about classroom instruction, form small groups, and provide one-on-one coaching.  Research shows that use of Khan Academy is associated with greater than expected growth in mathematics. Completing 60% or more of grade-level math on Khan Academy is associated with 1.8 times expected growth on the mathematics portion of MAP Growth.MAP Accelerator includes math content aligned to MAP Growth for grades three through eight in both English and Spanish. Our mastery learning system is aligned to Common Core State Standards and includes practice exercises with worked solutions, quizzes, unit tests, instructional videos, and articles.We launched a pilot of MAP Accelerator four months ago with five school districts: Clark County School District in Las Vegas, Nevada, Jefferson County School District in Louisville, Kentucky, and Madera Unified School District, Pajaro Valley Unified School District, and Glendale Unified School District in California. Nearly 180,000 students and thousands of teachers are using MAP Accelerator today. We’re heartened by their progress so far and look forward to great things to come.The pilot is just the start of an exciting new era for classrooms that use MAP Growth. With MAP Accelerator, teachers can not only see where students are in their learning journey but also pinpoint where they need help and generate a personalized learning plan quickly and easily with the click of a button. Students take ownership of their learning as they progress through Khan Academy’s mastery learning system. We think MAP Accelerator equips teachers to unlock student potential like never before.  To learn more about MAP Accelerator, please visi t our partner NWEA’s website.

Impact of Beauty in the Media on Young Women - 1586 Words

Advertisments surround us on a daily basis. Constantly bombarding our conscious and subconscious minds with consumer items and suggestive material. But how much of that impacts the mind of young adults? More specifically how does the constant incursion of beauty advertisements impact young women? Media, any form of mass communication- is one of the biggest factors in this widespread problem. Through the use of media, ideas, images, expectations of perfection is broadcasted throughout the country and on most occasions throughout the world. The portrayal of beauty in the media has contributed to a variety of psychological problems such as: misinterpretation of beauty, early exploration of sexuality and lowered sense of self worth†¦show more content†¦Media portrays young teenage love as a romantic fantasy; something that every girl should want. In truth it is a large well produced manufactured lie that traps young people into doing something that later may cause some p sychological, emotional and physical trauma. In week ten of our class discussions we were asked to watch a video titled â€Å"Killing us Softly† in which Kilbourne discusses how advertisements are programmed into our subconscious minds after being continuously displayed. The movie notes that only a small percentage of an advertisments message is taken in by your conscious mind, the rest will be reworked deep into your subconciousness (Jhally, 2010). Sadly, a lot of these advertisements carry negative messages that impact the way women view their natural beauty thus lowering their self esteem and resorting to alternative means of getting the â€Å"ideal body†. In 1993, two Barbie dolls per second was sold; it made over a billion dollars, making it one of the top ten toys sold (South Shore Eating Disorders Collaborative). This doll was aimed towards young women ranging between the ages of 3-12 and in some cases collected. Nearly every girl growing up had a Barbie doll. This doll gave young girls an idea of what beauty was; anorexia. In 1965, Barbie released Slumber Party Barbie, with a scale thatShow MoreRelatedMedia s Effect On Women s Self Esteem Issues922 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts each year, yet how many of them really work? We as women we are an easy target to persuade, and we cannot tell when an advertisement is speaking the truth. A woman is constantly bombarded with advertisements about beauty. They will believe what they see in magazine covers, but the truth is that all those pictures of your favorite models and celebrities have been retouched. They will start comparing themselves with size 0 models. Women believe that to look good and to be pretty, they have toRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 Pages Social media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these imagesRead MoreHow does advertisement influence peoples behaviour?1319 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitions. As a result, advertisement has become more important. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer to message presentation in the marketplace. The term may also be extendedRead MoreBeauty Is Not Pain?1704 Words   |  7 PagesBeauty is NOT pain As we get older we all experience changes in our body, some that we love and others that we could do without. People are born in all shapes and sizes, but why is it that some choose to change that with cosmetic and plastic surgery? What would motivate someone to go through hours of pain just for a new body? With the appearance of more â€Å"perfect† looking celebrities in the media, the self-esteem of many women spiral down, especially in Asia. Beauty standards in South Korea are nowRead MoreBeauty of America1304 Words   |  5 PagesThe Beauty of America Do you think there is such thing as real beauty or is it just an idea created by society? We believe that beauty is one way and that if you do not follow or fit the criteria, then you are not beautiful because you don’t meet the standards. Media gives us their view of what beauty is and how to define it. The media influences what beauty is but then the media’s view of beauty is not the only one. What we seem to think beauty is, is something that we want to have or want to beRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 PagesIt is evident that over the last decade the media has created an image that is unrealistic and unattainable for teenage girls. As such, based upon a macro perspective, the societal roles, status and expectations of young women have been impacted negatively. This paper will analyze how the combination of media reporting, socioeconomics and sociocultural factors contribute to the development of eatin g disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will furtherRead MoreThe Unrealistic Standards Of Beauty888 Words   |  4 PagesBeauty is in the eye of the beholder. This is an old saying my grandmother would say to me growing up. I was taught my beauty depended on my perspective. I was taught to accept and love myself as I am. In the past decades, beauty standards didnt require much from girls, and the culture taught girl to accept their appearance. However, This self acceptance twisted as the years went, from generation to generation. The society set unrealistic standards of beauty across the world. This new occurrenceRead MoreThe Negative Impact on a Womans Self Esteem816 Words   |  3 PagesMernissi, â€Å"Size 6: The Western Womans Harem,† (274) explains how American Society can put a negative impact on a womans self esteem because of their harsh expectations. She puts the blame on the American mans requirements that a woman b e a size four or six to be considered desirable. Our society is obsessed with the thought of being thin. The media puts out a harsh influence on how our young girls are suppose to look and act. These kind of expectations cause eating disorders and very low selfRead MoreThe Role Of Social Media On Women1001 Words   |  5 PagesMoreover, has media taken into consideration that the influenced constructed standards affect women long term and what exactly influences how girls act, look and think about themselves? Starting from a youth age through adolescence, which is the average age of still trying to figure out their identity, and in many cases lasting until adulthood, girls compare themselves and set their mindset to look like the celebrities they watch in T.V., magazines, music videos or movies.Yet, the issue is that byRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image804 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact on body image caused by social media representation In todays society media has many different represtionations of womens body ideals and they are portrayed in many different ways. The majority of body images are female and represented with negative connotations. Women are plasteted on billboards magazine covers and play an very important role in the way young women are viewed and how they feel they should look. Through out this essay I will look how media has such a massive impact on

Is Utopia A Perfect Society - 822 Words

The book Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore, tells the concept of a â€Å"perfect† society. It is told from the perspective of a man Tomas moore is talking to. This man is Raphael Hythloday, who was a voyager and went to an island with very different rules and way of life. The book talks about the way these people live, and the way other countries live. Questions on this topic are what will be addressed. What are big problems that other countries have that Utopia doesn’t? What are some of the ways of life the utopians live by? Is this Utopia perfect, or achievable? What are big problems that other countries have? Raphael said, â€Å"...who took occasion to runout in a high commendation of the severe execution of justice upon thieves, who , as he said, were†¦show more content†¦Lastly, everyone gets what they need, because they make plenty for everyone. If one person mainly farms, others can come and take what they need, because the farmer is able to go and take what he needs from them, that he cannot produce for himself. With this, no one goes hungry, is cold, or has anything to complain about, because everyone is doing their part. This is very different from anywhere else, because money is used to buy what we need, and we earn that money from what we did or made, so if one doesn’t have enough, they go hungry. Is this Utopia perfect, or achievable? The idea of a perfect society comes into everybodys minds at some point in their lives. Not having to worry about getting a job, money, a house, or food, never arguing or disagreeing with anyone, or anything that causes people to stress or be sad. Raphael believes this is the answer, â€Å"...So easy a thing would it be to supply all the necessities of life, if that blessed thing called money ...was not really the only thing that obstructed their bing procured.†(Moore 80). It wouldn’t be impossible to get rid of all of the money in the world, but would it solve all of the problems? Even if life was like this book and all of our need were taken care of, people would still have disagreements on what is fair, the babies going to different homes, slavery, and other things. At the beginning of the book, Raphael said people were very idle and thatShow MoreRelatedA Perfect Utopian Society Is Not A Utopia850 Words   |  4 PagesIn a per fect utopian society everyone gets what they need because communication, understanding, and open mindedness of different ideas would be key. In order for a society to be a utopia, everyone has to be comfortable and be provided with their wants and needs and everything needs to function perfectly. In order for function and equality, people must compromise in thoughts and ideas to provide for everyone. To do that, one must have a good understanding of why others may think differently and haveRead MoreThe Perfect Society In Sir Thomas Mores Utopia790 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Utopia? When people think of the term Utopia they think of an ideal or perfect Society. In Sir Thomas More’s â€Å"Utopia† we are introduced to such a society. However, today’s reader can see that the society More’s mention’s is filled with many underlying problems that make it seem less ideal or perfect, because it puts too much stress on the freedom’s and rights of its citizens. Such an act is detrimental in creating a utopia, because if the citizens are not happy with their freedom’s andRead MoreThe Idea Of A Perfect Society, Or Utopia, By Sir Thomas More880 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of a perfect society, or â€Å"utopia,† was first introduced in Sir Thomas More’s book Utopia, written in 1516. In the book, More described a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean through the character Raphael. On the island everything and everyone has a specific place and purpose. There is no private property, all of the houses on the island are the same; you can walk in the front door, through the house, and out the back door. All necessary items are stored in warehouses, where people onlyRead MoreUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social1000 Words   |  4 PagesUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions, (merriam-webster.com). Utopia is a mindset that people are conditioned to believe is achievable, when in actuality it isn’t. In a utopian society when people believe that they have reached idealized perfection, there will still be things or people that make the society imperfect. â€Å"Every utopia faces the same problem: What do you do with the people who dont fit in?† (Margaret Atwood, a novelistRead MoreEssay about There is no Universal Utopia1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a utopia is one which has spanned many millennia. The first example of a utopia was the Garden of Eden, and since then mankind has endeavored to reach this perfect existence, a world without problems, where everyone can abide in peace. Just the word ‘Utopia’ summons up a whole assemblage of images, images which differ from person to person. This is why the concept of a utopia has been so tossed around, because no one can truly say what a utopia is. From Platos republic in 380BC rightRead MoreHumans Are Naturally Born Imperfect1680 Words   |  7 Pagessinners, and we must make our way to achieve the idea of a perfect human being, whether it take our whole life time, or not. Throughout our life it is within ourselves, to use our free will to make morally good choices in order for us to be considered as perfect. However, along with our free will to make morally good choices in our life, the laws set by our government, and standards expected of by our community help shape us into this perfect human being. Though by the laws, and standards with liveRead Mo reEssay on Brave New World696 Words   |  3 PagesBrave New World George Santayana once said, â€Å"Ideal society is a drama enacted exclusively in the imagination.† In life, there is no such thing as a â€Å"complete utopia†, although that is what many people try to achieve. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is an attempt at a utopian society. In this brave new world, mothers and fathers and family are non-existent. Besides being non-existent, when words of that sort are mentioned, ears are covered and faces of disgust are made. In a report to theRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1717 Words   |  7 PagesHow should power be balanced out amongst a society? What balance of power can result in a beautiful utopia? How can we all lead a good life without stripping others of their own? The answers to these questions must be known if we want to lead a good, functioning society today and the answers can be found in the book, Animal Farm, written by George Orwell and the movie, The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir. Both fictional stories help us understand where we need to set boundaries in our lives andRead More Utopian Dreams Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the ages, man has come to idealize a word that is most commonly related to ‘heavenly’ or ‘perfect’ without actually picking up the book and realizing for themselves that there is no such thing. A Utopian society could never exist because man is made to want, to desire success. Man is competitive by nature and would never be happy in a society where everyone is equal and there is no chance of advancement. Sir Thomas More dreamt of a land that was much like England but could neverRead MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia is a brilliant novel written by Thomas More. The idea of a utopia seems impossible, how can anyone live in a perfect place when perfection is in the eyes of the beholder? The Utopia in this novel is nothing more than abundant of already established ideas therefore it can’t not truly be a Utopia. The abolition of private property is one of Mores chief criticisms of Utopia; it seems to mimic the common understandings of communism, which Thomas More’s character Raphael has been accused of protecting

What are the Principles of human behaviour Free Essays

string(95) " school communicated with its contractors would affect the overall performance of the company\." Task 1 Principles of human behaviour: Human behaviour can be identified as the result of attempts to satisfy certain needs. These needs can be simple and easy to understand such as the need of food, water and shelter. However it can also be complex such as the need of respect or acceptance. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the Principles of human behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership and human behaviour work hand in hand. To be a successful leader, you must understand your people and work with them to resolve their problems. In Nairobi the school of tomorrow the basic needs of any student is a good environment, shelter and the basic needs such as water and food. As the human behaviour changes according to the environment Nairobi school of tomorrow has to make sure that the environment in each class and in the school is positive. By examining human behavior, we can expand the knowledge we need to better understand people. Human behaviour study helps us understand why people act and react in certain ways. (tpub.com) Leadership and human behaviour preferences: As a leader in order to accomplish your goals, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support your needs to accomplish the goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. (Milliken Elizabeth. M, Honeycutt A (2004) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Basic Needs: are physiological, such as food, water, and sleep; and psychological, such as affection, security, and self-esteem. Metaneeds: These include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity, etc. Basic needs normally take priority over these Meta needs. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behaviour as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. So in order to be successful leaders in Nairobi school of tomorrow leaders have to fulfil the basic needs which are physiological needs, safety and belonging. Once these needs are met the behaviour of students will change in the school and the classes which will produce more positive results. They will meet their own goals and targets and the students would also feel part of the school. Preferred learning styles: Learning is defines as a relatively permanent change in an attitude or behaviour that occurs as a result of repeated experience. (Kimble and Grambzy, 1963) Institutes of education always seek to improve their educational initiatives more effective. Nairobi school of tomorrow are working hard to provide more effective and efficient services. Teaching serves as an important tool for achieving institutional goals and objectives, therefore to make the learning more effective teachers have to understand their students. Some students are left brained and some are right brained so the teacher has to use the technique which would be easy to understand for different kind of students. (Sims. R Ronald, Sims. J Serbrenia (1995)) Team roles (belbin theory): According to belbin theory of team roles a good team must have a leader who can be; Coordinator: The co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This leader trusts the team, accepting, dominant and is dedicated to team goals and objectives. The co-ordinator is a positive thinker who supports goal accomplishment, struggle and effort. Shaper: shaper is a task-focused leader who thrives in nervous energy and who has a high motivation to accomplish goals and for whom winning is the name of the game. Plant: The plant is a specialist idea maker characterised by high IQ and quietness while also being leading and original. The plant tends to take fundamental approaches to team performance and problems Resource investigator: The resource investigator is someone who searches opportunities and extends contacts. Resource investigators are good mediators who explore others for information and support and pick up other’s ideas and develop them. Company/worker implementer: Implementers are responsive of exterior responsibilities and are well-organized, careful and have a good self-image. They have a tendency to be tough-minded and practical, trusting and liberal, respecting established traditions. This kind of leaders doesn’t get anxious and tend to work for the team in a practical. Monitor evaluator: is a sensible, careful and intelligent person with a low need to achieve. Monitor evaluators add particularly at times of vital decision making because they are skilled to evaluate competing proposals. Team worker: Team workers make helpful interference to prevent potential resistance and enable the difficult characters of the team to use their skills to positive ends. They have a propensity to keep team spirit up and allow other members to add effectively to the team. Specialist: The specialist supplies knowledge and mechanical skills which are not common within the team. They are often highly reserved and concerned and tend to be self-starting, devoted and committed. Completer/Finisher: the completer or the finishers’ strength lies in perfectionism, attention to the details of the task and meeting the deadlines.(West, M 1994) Principles of Human communications: Communication is basic human interaction. It is a process and it is dynamic, ongoing and ever changing. It may not have a beginning or an end. Communication can be divided into two categories. Interpersonal communication is between people and intrapersonal communication is your own self dialog. Communication is very important for Nairobi school of tomorrow because the feedback from the client is just as important as whatever the facilitator says or does. What the client says and what the client is showing by the way they look and act will give Nairobi school of tomorrow an idea of the results they get from the services they provide. The way the school communicated with its contractors would affect the overall performance of the company. You read "What are the Principles of human behaviour" in category "Essay examples" What message do they give to their clients and how they respond to the feedback givenWhat method do they use to communicate with their clients and contractorsFor example presentation, demonstration,discussion or tutorial to get the message across. Language plays an important role in the way we perceive the world and it also effects the way people behave around each other. It does not jus label and distinguish the environment for us but also structures and guides out thinking patterns. It influences our relationship with others and with the environment. To ensure that the communication flow is not disturbed between administration and clients or administration and contractors the school has decided that simple language would be used throughout the whole project so everyone can understand. Use of jargons would be avoided. Task 2 Resource management: Effective resource management is mostly about foreseeing problems and working on solutions to make the resources of the organization more effective. Resources can be regarded as consumable and non consumable. Consumable resources is as it goes into task such as money, concert, engine days and paint all are considered to be consumable resources. Non consumable resources can be used over and over again. Once you are done working on a task you can carry on working on something else. An Effective resource management includes Resource allocation: The first key to effective resource allocation for a school is in understanding the system of incentives that guides in spending of schools and colleges. The incentives are based partly on intrinsic value and partly on instrumental ones. For e.g. programs with strong market demand (for examples from students, research sponsors) however low intrinsic value serves instrumentally cross subsidize programs with high intrinsic value but low financial potential. A good resource allocation would allow Nairobi school of tomorrow to achieve a proper balance between its intrinsic values and those of the market place. Nairobi school of tomorrow has chosen outsourcing in resource management as their important part of resource allocation. Outsourcing is contracting with another company or person to do a particular function. In this case Nairobi school of tomorrow has picked another company to provide the school with lunch. (Massy F. William (2004) Time management: Time management can be defined as the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling and budgeting ones time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity. To manage their time effectively Nairobi school of tomorrow administration must fulfil some requirements which are; The administration needs to have clear objectives. If the administration does not know what they are trying to achieve then they will fail in resource allocation. The administration needs to have careful forward planning. If the wrong step it would lead them to failure. Administration needs to have the ability to delegate successfully and the work should be flexible. To manage the time effectively the administration has come up with a strategy. First of all Nairobi school of tomorrow has to identify the things which needs prioritisation such as the quality of teaching, classrooms, lunch and other facilities for e.g. school library. After identifying the priorities they will break down each task in to subtasks because it will put work into more logical sequence. It would also determine the skills needed and it would allow communication of work to be done. It would ensure that all work sequences are identified and understood. After task breakdown the next step would be scheduling.[1] Scheduling is the process by which Nairobi school of tomorrow can look at the time available to them and plan on how to use it to achieve the goals of the administration which were identified in the early stage. A good scheduling technique designed by Nairobi school of tomorrow is to assemble the project schedule by listing all the tasks that need to be completed in order. Assign length to each task and then distribute the required resources, after the distribution the administration would Verify predecessors i.e. what tasks must be completed before and the tasks that can’t start until after.( F. John Reh. (2011). Project Management 101 Part 2: Managing Resources – People, Equipment, and Material) Six Sigma: is a business management strategy originally developed by Motorola, USA in 1986. It is still widely used in many parts of the industry, even though its use is not without disagreement. Six Sigma looks for improvement in the quality of process production. It improves the production by identifying and removing the causes of deficiency and minimizing unpredictability in manufacturing and business processes. Six sigma uses a set of quality management methods which includes statistical methods, and creates a particular communications of people within the organization. (Tennant, Geoff (2001) Task 3 In project management there are two types or resources. First resources are skill types and the second type is the worker time units. Here we are dealing with the effort that a skill type can put into the task over a giver period of time. There are a few stages involved in resource management. The stages are as follows; Resource definition i.e. deciding what resources you are going to deal with Resource allocation i.e. believing that the particular task will need so many traders people and as much material to get finished. Resource aggregation i.e. simply the outline of the resources required to complete all activities based on the resource allocation carried out in the previous stage. Resource smoothing is the process that resolves a resource requirement that is smooth and where peaks and low points are eliminated. After the resources are managed properly Nairobi school of tomorrow has to make sure that they manage there subcontractors. Subcontracts are individuals or businesses that sign contracts to perform some parts of the business. In this case Nairobi school of tomorrow has a subcontractor Vertex who would provide them with school dinner. To manage the subcontracts effectively the administration has to regularly conference calls, regular progress reports and on site meetings at the subcontractor’s facility. This would keep the administration satisfied with the quality. It is very essential to have regular on site meetings because conference calls or progress reports may not always reveal the true programs. To ensure the management with subcontractors is good administration has to ensure that there is method for feedback on client performance. Feedback must be taken from supplier perspective as the client’s perspective on the supplier’s performance. Once a supplier i s chose and a public announcement is made the administration should work with suppliers to develop supply chain. Effective contract management is vital in ensuring the structure established in the procurement process for good supply chain management is applied over the duration of the contract. Task 4: Coaching: Coaching usually consists of One to one development discussions Coaching helps people realise both there strengths and weaknesses by giving feedback Coaching is aimed at the specific issues or areas that need to be improved. It is relatively short term activity It focuses on improving performance and developing/enhancing individuals skills. Generally more structured in nature and meetings are scheduled on a regular basis Mentoring: in progress relationship that can last for a long period of time Can be more informal and meetings can take place as and when the person being mentored needs some advice, direction or support Mentor is usually more skilled and qualified than the ‘mentee’. It is usually carried out by a more senior person in the organisation who can pass on knowledge, experience and open doors to opportunities Focus is on career and personal development Mentoring resolves more around developing the mentee professional (Brefigroup. (2011). Coaching and mentoring) Task 5: Materials management is a part of logistics and it refers to the location and movement of the physical items or products of the company. There are three main processes which are connected with materials management spare parts quality control inventory management Materials management is important in big manufacturing and distribution environments where there are multiple parts, locations, and significant money invested in these items. The first expansion in materials management is related to spare parts. Spare parts are essential to the progressing operation of manufacture lines and related equipment. Poor management of spare parts can cause downtime and loss of production. Quality control is a huge part of materials management. The formation of material standards, examinations, and returns process is a most important responsibility of the materials management group. All parts and materials must be tested to make sure that a precise level of quality is met. This is usually completed before a purchase order is issued to the supplier, to make sure that the supplier has met the conditions of their contract. Inventory management is the correct tracking of all materials in the company’s list. The company has purchased these items from another supplier. There are three possible areas of loss that are concentrated on through useful inventory management: reduction, misplacement, and short shipments. In material management one of the common ways that is used is the ABC analysis. It is a method of categorizing items, actions, or activities according to their virtual importance. It is often used in inventory management where it is used to categorize stock items into groups based on the total annual spending of each item. Organisations can focus more detailed attention on the high value items. Bibliography: Unknown. (2011). 1-5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR. Available: http://www.tpub.com/content/advancement/12024/css/12024_14.htm. Last accessed 23-06-2011. West M. (1994). Effective Teamwork; the British Psychology Society. Available: http://www.srds.co.uk/cedtraining/handouts/hand40.htm. Last accessed 25-06-2011. Sims. R Ronald, Sims. J Serbrenia (1995). The importance of learning styles. USA: Greenwood press. Page 25. Brefigroup. (2011). Coaching and mentoring – what’s the difference?. Available: http://www.brefigroup.co.uk/coaching/coaching_and_mentoring.html. Last accessed 26-06-2011. F. John Reh. (2011). Project Management 101 Part 2: Managing Resources – People, Equipment, and Material. Available: http://management.about.com/cs/projectmanagement/a/PM101b.htm. Last accessed 21-06-2011. Tennant, Geoff (2001). SIX SIGMA: SPC and TQM in Manufacturing and Services. Gower Publishing, page 5. Massy F. William (2004). Resource Allocation in Higher Education. USA: University of Michigan. Page 4-15. F. John Reh. (2011). Project Management 101 Part 3: Managing Time and Schedule. Available: http://management.about.com/cs/projectmanagement/a/PM101c.htm. Last accessed 21-06-2011. Milliken Elizabeth. M, Honeycutt A (2004). Understanding human behaviour – A guide for health care providers.. 7th ed. USA: Thomson Learning Inc. page 73-74. How to cite What are the Principles of human behaviour, Essay examples

Verbatim Process Report Essay Example

Verbatim Process Report Essay I hesitate a little at the question and feel I am trying a bit too hard to make the client more relaxed am still feeling somewhat nervous I maybe I am trying hard to establish a good connection with her to soon 0. Cosec C: um [pause] Ive been feeling quite um upset about um people round me um I kind of feel that some of the girls have been [pause] estranging me [pause] sort of like bullying, Client still seems to be at ease with me although she does hesitate to begin telling me what is bothering her. Her body language is a bit closed, her arms are folded. I dont like bullies so I am quite interested to hear her problem but cautious not to be Judgmental or allow my own bias to Jump In T: Yeah I am trying to be empathetic from early on and want to connect with the client C: sort of bullying feeling She still has her arms crossed. When she says bullying gain I am trying to be neutral in my thoughts although it is quite challenging to put my biases aside 0. Sec T:So the girls around you are feeling like they are coming across as bullying and um [hesitation] I am reflecting what she has told me but I realize I still dont know enough of what has happened so I quickly change the course of the question T: Which girls would these be, which environment? I am trying to understand more of the background of the problem and I ask her to explain the environment. I think a better question would have been, can you tell me more about these girls round you that are making you feel ostracizes or bul lied? :04 C: Theyre, theyre, I can call them, I dont know, we used to be friends I guess um, I kind of want to make that adolescently that thieve Just acquaintances to me now, yup, not really Like friends. But before um, before something happened, I kind of feel Like Oh I can be , we could possibly be um you know true friends who um can talk about, you know have heart to is at ease, unfolded her arms. I sense she is recalling the time when she was close to her friends. I am also feeling more at ease now and interested to hear what she is eying. We will write a custom essay sample on Verbatim Process Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Verbatim Process Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Verbatim Process Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Client also seems a lot more relaxed with me now although seems a bit confused how to describe her situation 1:32 T: Yeah I am trying my best to keep being empathetic and keep the connection with the client 1 :33 C: And um really giving to, I can be really giving to them, but now I sort of feel like I cant and whenever um theyre around me or I know that we, Im going to hang out with them, I feel really nervous and I dont feel like I can be myself She is tensing up a little now and I sense she is putting herself in that uncomfortable space she might be in when with these rinds. I am listening very intently to the client and trying to process all that she is telling me, I feel a little sorry for her feeling nervous and not being able to be herself 1:52 T:Yes [softly] So when youre with this group, who you say are not necessarily friends anymore but acquaintances I need to be empathetic, she seems very troubled now. C: Yes She seems focused on what I am saying 1:59 T: You feel like when you trying to be around them, theres this nervousness that comes around and sometimes even a bit of anger that you That I am very captioned at myself at this point; I have brought my own Judgment of her feelings and possibly my feelings of anger against bullies and I regret that I have reflected this to her. Although she might be angry, she didnt say she was angry. I am watching her facial expression closely to see if I have Jeopardized our connection or not. 2:09 C: Not [Sigh] I dont feel that there is anger, Im not, Im not angry at them, but probably I am but I Just cant express it, um and what frustrates me is um my partner knew what happened but he felt like Oh maybe I am Just being too sensitive r um Just get over it , you either um be their friends or Just you know leave the circle. But I cant because um we have common friends and I dont want to break the group dynamic The client shows a very interesting reaction to my anger comments. I am not quite sure how to read her but it doesnt seem negative. She seems somewhat relieved that I said it could be anger as well. I too feel somewhat relieved now that the client suggests that she might actually be angry from her situation. I feel somewhat guilty at being glad at this news as it fits well with my view of bullies UT I need to be careful not to Jump to conclusions again. She now tells me about her partner and I am feeling a sense of frustration now at this new information about her boyfriend as I thought we were heading in a specific direction but I feel the client is connecting with me and is speaking more freely and that feels good. 2:41 T: Hey, so youre partner, your partner, his advice is to, to Just end the relationship but he doesnt understand I am trying to let the client know that I hear her loud and clear and want to give her feedback that I have understood the options her boyfriend has revived her with. I do relate to her boyfriends simple advice to her as this is probably how I would react with my partner but I am making a concerted effort to listen and not Judge. I need to think about this further after the session in terms of not favoring the male position with my clients. 2:48 C: [interjects] End, or 2:49 T: [interjects] or or Just deal with it 2:50 C: [interjects] or deal with it 2:51 T: [interjects] but he doesnt understand that its, that a) its not so easy to leave enthusiasm from the client, she seems to be elated that I am understanding her 2:55 T: [continues on] its your close groups of friends C: [interjects] exactly T: [continues] and B) you dont Just want to deal with it, you want to C: [interjects] I CANT T: you want to understand [ client laughs in agreement] why you feeling like this , and why the relationship has C: [interjects] and why they are doing this to me T: yeah C: Yeah This makes me feel really good now; we are connecting and I feel I am following the problem well. She is showing me very good facial expression and I now feel the relationship is at the best it has been since we started. The client is continuing to give me signs that she feels I understand her. 3:06 T: And if we can think back to, to the beginning of these relationships, are these friends who you grew up with, you met through school, through work I now feel more confident to probe further and see if I can understand the situation better. I want to understand who these friends are and I am not so happy that I ask a somewhat close ended question. 3:15 Theyre Just people that I have met through another friend T: Yeah Not much expression on her face now, maybe a bit bothered by my question, not sure 3:ICC:And um D yeah I now hear [by her pause and choice of words] the client is somewhat stuck at what to say next due to my close ended question. I still feel we have good energy together and I feel I can continue with trying another question. 3:20 T: Yeah, and, and when you say you met through another friend, that other friend, are you still close with that other friend or its all in one sort of group I am trying another question and I want her to explain the friends relationships more clearly to me. :30 C: Jim, the friend actually left the group, I mean she, she was living in Melbourne but she has moved overseas, so shes not hectically close to us T:[interjects]Yes C:um but she is quite, she is still quite close with the other girls C: the girls who I thought you know they were bullying me yes C: um but I dont really um contact, have much contact with um the common friend anymore T: [interjects] yeah She seems a bit bothered to talk about the original friend but seems okay to share with me. I do feel a little frustrated again at this point. There is a lot of information being provided by the client and I am working hard to stay on track and I am responding yes quite a bit to indicate to the client that I am still listening and still with her. I sense she still feels connected 4:00 T: Yeah, So could you, could you perhaps describe a little bit of this bullying that they have done, so I can Just get a better understanding if you like, Just so I could perhaps bring a bit of perspective to it I feel the need to go back to her original remarks about the bullying. I am wary to go on a further tangent due to the time constraints and therefore want to bring it back to her original complaint about her feeling bullied. 4:14 C: Sure, yeah, um The client is reassuring and seems ailing to focus on the bullying. I now feel less frustrated and more confident that we are connecting again. 4:1 5 C: So what happened was, this is over a course of quite you know a few months T: Yeah C: of time and um so one of the girls thought that I was being a um uh a third wheel to, to a persons, to a couples relationship. T: yeah C: When I thought that the couple was actually you know their opportunity ends for a relationship, theyre going to you know have a break up, or whatever, T: yeah She seems lost in her thoughts, her eyes glazing upwards and appears to be reliving the me more information. :ICC: and um some of the friends in, in, in the common group thought that you know, its nasty of me and its nasty of my partner to do this to the girl. So the girl was being played as the victim and I and my partner being played as the bully actually. She seems to be back from reliving the experience, head and eyes back facing me and now seems to be connecting with the feeling of being bullied from her friends. I am not so happy to hear that her friends think she is nasty as she appears to me to be a good person but I know this is my own Judgment and need to stay focused on hearing what she says.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Luiz Incio Lula da Silva Free Online Research Papers Luiz Incio Lula da Silva created change in Brazil in many positive ways. Before his term in office as the president of Brazil, Lula was elected as president of the Steel workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. He organized many major events including strikes during his time as president for the Steel Workers Union. Luiz had then become a congress member. This was his chance to prove to the people he was able to be a helpful asset to them. During his term in congress he strongly supported the workers class movement. Since Lula has been president, he has accomplished many goals. To fully understand his impact on Brazil, it is important to go over his life accomplishments. In 1975 Lula was elected as president of the Steel Workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. During his time in office for the Steel Workers Union he was responsible for the organizations for strikes and many other activities. Lula was arrested shortly after the strikes began. He later spent around a month in jail, but then was release due to protests. Lula had been the President of the Central Única dos Trabalhadores for many years after. This was a union federation that is influenced by the Partido dos Trabalhadores. This affected his process in which he was to become the president of Brazil in a very positive way. He was already known for his leadership and willingness to get things accomplished; clearly this meant that he would benefit the people of Brazil. During Lula’s political career in the early 90’s he joined a campaign that was for the impeachment of the president Fernando Collor de Mello. This was because he wanted to help get Fernando impeached after there had been a series of scandals involving public funds. After many years Fernando had returned to the senate. Because of this Lula had then brought him into his â€Å"allied base†. This â€Å"allied base† was a group of parties of politicians that Lula had attacked politically before his election to the presidency of Brazil. Also during his political career Lula first ran for an office in the early 80’s. He ran for the state government of So Paulo. Lula lost this election, but this was not the last time he would run for office. Shortly after his loss he won a seat in congress that gave him another step towards the presidency. In the late 80’s’ still in congress Lula decided to run for the PT presidential candidate. His party was formed and is known as â€Å"loose confederacy of trade unionists, grassroots activists, left-wing Catholics, left-center social democrats, and small Trotskyist grouping. Lula’s party earned him the distrust of â€Å"better-off Brazilians†. This was because of the ability of the PT to have presented its self as a working class mass movement organized as grassroots. Since Lula had been involved in the Workers Class Party he had decided not to run in the re-election as congressman. Instead he decided to run for president in 1994 and 1998. In 1994 he lost to the former ex-minister of Finance, Fernando Cardoso. He also lost the election in 1998. Finally, in 2003 Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was elected president of Brazil, defeating Jose Serra. During his presidency, Lula has done many social projects and received many awards. Since being elected, Lula has put social programs at the top of his to-do list. Lula’s main project has been to eradicate hunger. This program brings together a series of programs with the goal to end hunger in Brazil. The creation of water cisterns in Brazils semi-arid region of Serto. Also actions to counter juvenile pregnancy, to strengthen family agriculture, to distribute a minimum amount of cash to the poor, and many others. In March 2006, The Economist wrote that â€Å"Lula has a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue. As a result, he has befriended both Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez and former U.S. President George W. Bush.† Leading a large and competitive agricultural state, Lula generally opposes and criticizes farm subsidies. During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade has dramatically increased, changing from deficits to seve ral surpluses since 2003. In 2004 the surplus reached $29 billion due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil has also provided UN peace-keeping troops and leads a peace-keeping mission in Haiti. Another major goal of Lulas foreign policy has been for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. So far the attempts have been unsuccessful.(3) Since Lula has been President of Brazil, he has received numerous medals. Some of these include the Brazilian Order of Merit, the Brazilian Orders of Military, Naval and Aeronautical Merit, the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit, the Norwegian Order of Royal Merit the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle and the Order of the Southern Cross. He has also received the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 2003 and was the chief guest at Indias Republic Day celebration in 2004. Next, in December 2008, Lula was named the 18th most important person in the world by Newsweek magazine. He was the only Latin American person featured in a list of 50 most influential World leaders. In 2009, Lula was chosen as the Man of the Year by two European newspapers El Paà ­s and Le Monde. The Financial Times ranks Lula among the 50 faces that shaped the 2000’s. In conclusion, one can see Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is a very important figure in Brazil. From Lula’s early days as president of the Steel workers Union of So Bernardo do Campo and Diadema, one could see his great leadership skills while forming the strikes. Lula never gave up trying to be president and it payed off. As president, Lula has accomplished many goals, and has focused on many social projects to help Brazil. Lula has received many awards for his achievements and was even named one of the most important people on earth. Lula has earned the right to be called a great politician. Research Papers on Luiz Incio Lula da SilvaTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Free to a Good Home - Why You Should Not Give Pets Away

Free to a Good Home - Why You Should Not Give Pets Away Once you have taken an animal into your home and made him or her part of your family, you have an obligation to protect and nurture that animal because you made a commitment. The animal has a right to expect to be treated as a member of the family. And that’s what makes the issue of re-homing pets an animal rights issue. But sometimes life throws a curveball and there are circumstances beyond your control. If you have fallen into a situation where you need to find new homes for your companion animals, you are in a disastrous position indeed. If you care for your animals at all, you will take every precaution to ensure they are going to a forever loving home. If you are truly desperate and dont have the time or ability to vet a stranger offering to take your companion, your best move is to local rescues for assistance. Many are networked nationwide and work incredibly hard to secure safe alternatives for pets. If rescues cant immediately help, take him or her to a shelter, as much as it may pain you to do so. At least, the animal may be given a chance to find a good home. Having to surrender your companion animal to a shelter is not the best outcome, but its a better outcome than having your companion fall into the wrong hands.   Criminals easily prey on people who just want the animals to go to a good home. They know that sometimes you are pressed for time and apparently have no choice but to turn the animal over to you in your hour of need. They rely on that raw emotion you have over having to surrender your friend while time is running out. They try to convince you they will be good guardians, and you very much want to believe them, which works in their favor. First and foremost, always affix an adoption fee. People looking for animals to abuse will usually not pay a fee. You may even hear a sob story from someone who wants your animal but cant afford to pay an adoption fee. But chances are if they cant afford to pay a $50 adoption fee, what will they do when the animal needs to be seen by a veterinarian? How will they afford to keep up with dental cleanings, check-ups, and vaccines? Charging an adoption fee also prevents someone from taking your animals on a whim, and then, having lost interest, turning them in at the shelter or abandoning them on a dark, lonely street far from home. Abuse Torture Sick and amoral people cannot always be spotted on looks alone. Some individuals want your dogs and cats just to  abuse, torture and kill them. By charging an adoption fee, you make it much more difficult for these animal abusers to acquire animals - specifically, your animals. Dogfighting According to the Michigan State University Animal Legal and Historical Center, one of the methods used to train fighting dogs is to dangle a small dog, cat, rabbit or guinea pig on a rope in front of a dog who is forced to run on a treadmill or around a circle. Naturally, these small animals are terrified and the dog is given the animal to kill as a reward at the end of the session. Where do these animals come from? Some people steal animals right off the street or from a backyard. In dogfighting, dogs are trained to be vicious and trained to attack other animals, so-called bait animals. In a Florida shelter, an elderly woman and her clean-cut young son came to adopt a small animal. Ostensibly, the animal was to be â€Å"a companion† for the elderly woman. The pair went home with a small white mixed breed who was immediately thrown into a ring with a fighting dog and killed. Looks can be deceiving and people searching for dogs for this purpose will use any disguise, tell any l ies and use charm to separate you from your loving companion. Again, charging an adoption fee makes it more difficult for someone to acquire animals for dogfighting. B Dealers Although there are breeding facilities to supply the animal-testing industry with dogs and cats, some laboratories attempt to cut corners by hiring dishonest intermediaries who deal in stolen pets. A woman named Barbara Ruggiero was such a dealer, referred to as a Class B dealer, a random source animal dealer regulated by the  USDA  to sell animals to laboratories for experimentation. Class B dealers sometimes acquire animals in unscrupulous ways, and charging a small adoption fee makes your animal unprofitable to them. Finding a New Home It is strongly recommended that you affix an adoption fee. You can always waive the fee if you find someone you truly trust. Whether or not you charge an adoption fee, there are steps you can take to make sure your animals are going to a good home: Home visit: Visit the potential adopters home and speak with the other family members. Are there other pets in the home? Who will care for the animals? Does anyone have allergies? Where will the animals live? If there are children, make sure that the adults know that they should be responsible for the animals; not the children. If the potential adopter doesn’t live near you, ask a rescue in the town where s/he lives to visit the home. Because of Facebook and Petfinder, the perfect guardian may be miles away, even in another state. Rescues often have volunteers to help you facilitate your adoption and put your mind at ease. PilotsNPaws may be able to transport your companion anywhere in the country where you find a suitable home. Consider relatives who live out of state; they may be willing to adopt your precious family member.Ask for references: Call the references and ask if the family has taken good care of their current or past pets. Ask what happened to their past pets - d id they die of natural causes after fifteen years, or did they seem to disappear after a few weeks? Ask for a vet reference: Call their current or past veterinarian and ask about the familys other pets and how well they were cared for. The vet may not give you very detailed information, but confirm that they have a relationship with a vet and ask whether the vet recommends the family as good  guardians.Animal abuser registry:  Animal abuser registries  are growing rapidly in response to public pressure. If you live in an area that has such a registry, be sure to take advantage of it. They list local people who have been convicted of animal cruelty in the past so that shelters and rescue groups can avoid them.Google  them: Whether or not someone has a history of animal abuse, an internet search might turn up past crimes and brushes with the law.Be prepared to take the animal back. You may have taken all of the important steps, but the pet may not be a good match for this family. Maybe your dog doesnt get along with their current dog. Maybe a family member has a previously un known allergy. To keep your animals safe, you have to be prepared to take them back and let the adopter know that you will take the animal back if it doesnt work out. Have the adopter sign a pet adoption contract.  Petrescue.com offers boilerplate adoption contracts that can be downloaded and printed outNever use Craigslist. Because Craigslist offers free or cheap items, those surfing Craigslist are looking for free cats and dogs. Even if you do have a fee, they’re confident they can con you into waiving it. Craigslist is never a good place to advertise an animal. Horror stories abound about animals given away to someone who found him or her on Craigslist. With reputable databases such as Petfinder and all the breed rescue sites, why would someone even be looking on Craigslist? Because they don’t want to deal with the paperwork and systems these sites have put in place to protect their animals.Breed Rescue If your animal is a purebred, reach out to the specific breed rescue and ask them to step in. Frequently they have a waiting list of anxious, but vetted, adopters. German Shepherd Dog Rescue and Siamese Rescue are two examples of a specific breed rescue group. If you still have doubts about the safety of giving your animal away to someone without vetting them first, consider these cases. In 2007, Anthony Appolonia of Aberdeen, NJ, convicted of  torturing and killing 19 cats and kittens, many which came from local free to a good home advertisements in the newspaper. Local rescuers had given him the cats but became suspicious when Appolonia requested additional cats. In 1998,  Class B dealer Barbara Ruggiero  and two accomplices were found guilty of felony grand theft of dogs in Los Angeles, CA, after they answered hundreds of free to a good home ads and then sold the dogs to laboratories,  to be used in experiments. The information on this website is not legal advice and is not a substitute for legal advice. For legal advice, please consult an attorney. Doris Lin, Esq.  is an animal rights attorney and Director of Legal Affairs for the Animal Protection League of NJ.

Corporate Responsibilities to Ensure Work and Family Facilitation Essay

Corporate Responsibilities to Ensure Work and Family Facilitation - Essay Example Without these conditions, transitions in the workplace would be high and the quantity as well as the quality of outputs for the corporation would suffer. This paper shall discuss the corporate responsibilities which help ensure work and family facilitation. This paper is being undertaken in order to assist corporations in identifying their responsibilities and in order to assist them in the improvements they need to make for their operations. Body Work design Corporations have a major role in ensuring work and family facilitation and they can certainly do this by concentrating on their corporate work design. Work design has been identified as a major cause of various issues in work-family facilitation; and it also has been considered as an essential means in ensuring work progress (Heymann, 2000). In order to achieve the success of this design, the broad and dual agenda coverage has to be considered. The problems which corporations face must be assessed not according to how organizat ions can achieve strong performance in their workplace, but on how the workplace can be built to secure high quality work and a satisfying family life. 1. Sharing control and responsibility with the workers One of the means by which the work design can be re-imagined is for the corporation to share control and responsibility to their workers (Eaton, 2000). Sharing control in the policy and work management of employees as well as their representatives is important because the front-line workers as well as their managers are often already familiar with their work practices. The contribution of workers is therefore incorporated into the redesign activities in the workplace. It is also incumbent upon corporations to adjust the work culture and make the work hours more flexible while still maintaining strong outputs. Corporations must also encourage their employees to participate in the some decision-making activities of the corporation. Without these options, the flexible work policies will not be used well. Corporations also need to coordinate and dialogue with their workers in order to prevent resistance among supervisors and managers as well as work resentment from other employees (Bailyn, et.al., 2001). Through these activities, corporation can create a culture of being available for their workers. Corporations and workers need to discuss who can work together equitably based on family needs and personal circumstances. And in most cases, the most appropriate solution to various issues for employees is often to allow them to make choices and to allow them to assist in designing and administering firm practices as well as benefits. 2. Give more women opportunities in high-level corporate positions Corporations also have the responsibility of providing opportunities for women to occupy high level corporate positions. The most efficient means to ensure work-family facilitation is for corporate leaders to provide a balanced gender demographic among their supervisor y and rank-and-file staff (Blair-Loy, 1999). Since women often have multiple responsibilities, they often experience work and family life differently from men and they would likely prioritize their home life above their work life. Corporations therefore need to make accommodations for women in their supervisory staff, in higher corporate positions in order to portray a picture of women being given at least

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years Research Paper

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years - Research Paper Example Recent studies are exploring ribosome biogenesis’ role in inflammatory pathologies that include cancer (Blalock et al., 2014) and how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could contribute to or be a product of malignant cellular changes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Studying ribosome biogenesis and its dynamics and effects on malignant tumors can improve the understanding of cancer cell proliferation and may lead to more precise treatments/therapies for cancer (Blalock et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2015; Penzo et al., 2015). Ribosome biogenesis involves multiple steps, including rRNA transcription, development of pre-rRNA transcripts towards maturity, gathering of preribosomes, and RNA processing into mature ribosomes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) goes through the transcribing of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) into a 47 S rRNA precursor, which later becomes processed and turns into 18 S, 5.8S, and 28 S mature rRNAs (Nguyen et al., 2015). rDNA becomes multicopy genes in arrays, wherein the number of active genes in any specific time has epigenetic regulations (Nguyen et al., 2015). Furthermore, various cellular signaling pathways connected to cell growth impact the activity of proteins that are in charge of rRNA transcription and which can be co-opted through the oncogenic processes (Nguyen et al., 2015). The following studies provide novel discoveries about the genetic expressions of different kinds of cancers. Nguyen et al. (2015) studied the epigenetic and the post-transcriptional mechanisms that may give some explanation on how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could influence or be a product of malignant transformation. They learned from their studies that Akt has a function in pre-rRNA synthesis. Their findings and other research showed that the pro-cell survival PI3K/Akt axes are similarly connected to and may cause

Comparing Frankenstein and Paradise Lost :: comparison compare contrast essays

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Shelley has created a subversive and grotesque God/Man relationship in "Frankenstein." Shelly sets up Frankenstein and, at times, Man in general, to be the monster's God. Shelley's integration with Paradise Lost creates opportunity for making such comparisons. When the monster gives his book review of the found classic, he states, "It moved every feeling of wonder and awe, that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting." This is reminiscent of the war he has with Frankenstein when his wishes are refused. He then goes on to relate the story's characters to his own situation. The plot of the monster's life follows a mutated version of Adam's as he read it in Paradise Lost. At one point he relates, "But it was all a dream; no Eve soothed my sorrows nor shared my thoughts; I was alone. I remembered Adam's supplication to his Creator. But where was mine?" The monster relates himself to Adam and expects the same treatment from his 'God.' The full realization of the mockery of Adam and Eve is barely missed when Frankenstein decides to relieve Man of the burden of his monster race by refusing to create the monster's bride. Just as he has the power to create, has he the power to destroy. Yet, in the end, the monster is the one in control, and ultimately triumphs in the final chase, outliving his creator. Just as with Adam, the monster's role is also compared to that of Satan in Paradise Lost: "Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition; for often, like him, when I viewed the bliss of my protectors, the bitter gall of envy rose within me." The monster is like Satan in that he is rejected by the beings of which he was once a member. While he does not remember, perhaps he feels his similarity, yet horrid mutation and punished rejection. The duality in the monster between Adam and Satan allows him to decide upon his plan of action. It is important to note that he takes upon himself the role of Adam before resorting to the methods learned from Satan. In Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are banished from the Garden of Eden for eating fruit from the tree of knowledge. Much the same way, Frankenstein's happy and loving life is smashed to pieces upon the creation of the monster.

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY/SOCIETY CULTURE â€Å"ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM† I. INTRODUCTION Race and ethnicity are important concepts in the field of sociology and are ones that are studied a great deal. Race plays a large role in everyday human interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences. Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial group rather than the individual choosing where they belong as part of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone’s position in social hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social traits often used for ethnic classification include: †¢nationality †¢tribe †¢religious faith †¢shared language †¢shared culture †¢shared traditions Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals. The term ethnicity focuses more upon a group’s connection to a perceived shared past and culture. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT DEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Race is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor. Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never have firm boundaries. Example: White The distinction between race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM The classification of people into races and ethnic groups carries deep implication on the social and political life of different racial and ethnic groups. These classifications led to the notion of racial superiority and racial inferiority, culturally advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, discrimination and prejudice, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic conflicts have been regular process within the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts have been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects. Sociologically, â€Å"race† refers to a group of people whom others believe are genetically distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is commonly used to refer to physical differences between people brought about by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonness of genetic heritage may be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by early social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the community or society as ethnically significant. It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of persons who have a common cultural background as evidenced by a feeling of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences people’s social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, especially skin color and certain distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and economic status. Frequently, they establish a person’s or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the foundation for prejudice, discrimination, and other forms of differential treatment. Furthermore, when an ethnic group becomes a target of discrimination, such group may utilize the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action. When people’s definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their relationship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white man’s justification of his technological, economic, political and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white man’s burden and more recently, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be purely African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology; it had far more to do with maintaining a group’s defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a sense of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the world’s population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider â€Å"our own kind†. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941: â€Å"The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structuralized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, but he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. † PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a minority group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations include the following: 1. Patterns of Racism a. Prejudice and discrimination †¢Racism – is behavior that is motivated by the belief that one’s own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. [37] There is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as â€Å"sounding black. † These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having â€Å"white-sounding names† to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. †¢Prejudice – prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Merton’s study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination Four patterns 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory – integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory – institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory – latent bigotry 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory – outright bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities: Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty; Tagalogs, progressive; Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful; Warays, lazy but strong; and Ilongos, proud and extravagant. b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF PREJUDICE Light gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice: 1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, â€Å"bantay kuako† (heavy smokers) and â€Å"kuripot† (stingy); Pampangueno, â€Å"dugong aso† (dog blood or traitors); Batangueno, â€Å"balisong† (knife-wielding); Bicolanos, â€Å"sili† ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When two groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972; Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and Political Subjugation. The economic takeover of one nation by a more powerful one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colony’s natural resources, the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side; the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital; the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism. 4. Displacement and Segregation of the Native Population Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet. Displacement of native population can be made possible through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the invading group. Displacement takes the following forms: a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or disease either deliberately or not; b. ) by population transfer; and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age. 5. Patterns of Accommodation and Tolerance. Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in the blending of their various customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of one’s own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? †¢ Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. †¢ Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority community’s cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. †¢ Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. †¢ Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful â€Å"coexistence†. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Ethnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A. According to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. According to cultural standpoints 1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities 2. Muslims 3. Christian groups C. According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1. Roman Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovah’s witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely: 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun. From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims’ ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro. 4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Solud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon 3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog. 5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Tau’t Baten III. GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the group’s ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience. In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process; it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism. The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society – socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, â€Å"What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? † The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.